Universal Declaration of Human Rights

ARTICLE 18

United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.
The First Amendment

The Constitution of the United States of America

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof: or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that NO official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein, If there are ANY circumstances which permit an exception, they do not now occur to us." United States Supreme Court (1943) West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 US 624.


Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and other international covenants. While some actions taken in the name of religious rights may be ambiguous and will have to be addressed on a case-by-case basis, we believe that religious rights include at least the following:

Every person has the right to determine his or her own faith and creed according to conscience.

Every person has the right to the privacy of his belief, to express his religious beliefs in worship, teaching, and practice, and to proclaim the implications of his beliefs for relationships in a social or political community.

Every person has the right to associate with others and to organize with them for religious purposes.

Every religious organization, formed or maintained by action in accordance with the rights of individual persons, has the right to determine its policies and practices for the accomplishment of its chosen purposes, which implies the right:

to assemble for unhindered private or public worship

to formulate its own creed

to have an adequate ministry

to determine its conditions of membership

to give religious instruction to its youth, including preparation for ministry

to preach its message publicly

to receive into its membership those who desire to join it

to carry on social services and to engage in missionary activity both at home and abroad

to organize local congregations

to publish and circulate religious literature

to control the means necessary to its mission and to secure support for its work at home and abroad

to cooperate and to unite with other believers at home and abroad

to use the language of the people in worship and in religious instruction

to determine freely the qualifications for professional leadership of religious communities, freely naming their religious leaders at all levels and designating their work assignments.